Figuring out the size of a parcel of land is important for numerous functions, from correct property valuations and building planning to making sure compliance with native zoning laws. For instance, understanding the exact space permits householders to estimate landscaping prices, whereas builders depend on this data for mission feasibility research. A number of strategies exist for acquiring these measurements, starting from consulting public information to using on-line mapping instruments or using skilled surveyors.
Correct land measurement offers a basis for knowledgeable decision-making relating to property transactions, growth tasks, and land administration. Traditionally, land surveys performed an important function in establishing boundaries and stopping disputes, contributing considerably to societal order and financial growth. At the moment, entry to correct dimensions stays paramount, influencing every part from property taxes to the position of constructions and utilities.
This text will discover numerous strategies for figuring out land space, outlining the benefits and downsides of every strategy. Matters coated will embody accessing county information, using on-line mapping sources, and understanding the function {of professional} surveyors. Further concerns, equivalent to irregular lot shapes and the influence of easements, can even be addressed.
1. Test Property Deeds
Property deeds function main authorized paperwork establishing possession and offering detailed property descriptions, together with lot dimensions. Analyzing a deed is usually step one in figuring out lot measurement. This doc usually outlines the property boundaries utilizing metes and bounds descriptions, referencing established landmarks or survey markers. Deeds can also embody a plat reference, connecting the property to a surveyed map exhibiting the lot’s form and measurement inside a bigger subdivision. For instance, a deed may describe so much as “starting on the northeast nook of Elm Avenue and Oak Avenue, thence north 100 toes, thence west 50 toes…”. This exact language permits for correct calculation of the lot space.
The significance of checking property deeds for lot measurement stems from their authorized authority and historic accuracy. Deeds characterize the official document of possession and land boundaries, usually tracing again by means of chains of title over a long time and even centuries. This historic document may be essential in resolving boundary disputes or understanding historic land use patterns. Moreover, referencing the deed ensures that the lot measurement being thought of aligns with the legally acknowledged dimensions, stopping potential points associated to encroachments or discrepancies in later transactions. As an illustration, a discrepancy between a deed’s description and a more moderen survey may reveal an unresolved boundary difficulty with an adjoining property.
Cautious examination of property deeds gives a dependable basis for figuring out lot measurement. Whereas deeds might require interpretation of authorized language or reference to different survey paperwork, they continue to be a crucial part in understanding property boundaries. Challenges can come up when deed descriptions are ambiguous or when historic adjustments haven’t been correctly recorded. In such instances, consulting with a title firm or land surveyor can present readability and guarantee correct dedication of property dimensions. This step is essential for numerous functions, together with correct property valuations, building planning, and compliance with native laws.
2. Seek the advice of Plat Maps
Plat maps present an important visible illustration of land divisions inside a particular space, providing helpful insights into property boundaries and dimensions. These maps, usually created by surveyors and recorded as public paperwork, function a key useful resource for figuring out lot sizes. Consulting a plat map can supply a transparent and concise understanding of a property’s location, form, and measurement inside a bigger context.
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Finding the Property
Plat maps depict properties inside a subdivided space, usually referencing streets, blocks, and lot numbers. Finding a particular property on a plat map includes figuring out the corresponding block and lot quantity, usually offered in property deeds or tax assessments. For instance, a plat map may present Lot 12, Block 5, throughout the “Sundown Acres” subdivision. This permits for exact identification of the goal property amongst others in the identical space.
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Figuring out Boundaries and Dimensions
Plat maps delineate property boundaries with strains and measurements, indicating the size of every facet of the lot. These measurements are essential for calculating the lot’s space and understanding its form. As an illustration, an oblong lot is perhaps depicted with dimensions of 100 toes by 50 toes, clearly indicating a 5,000 sq. foot lot measurement. Irregularly formed heaps can have a number of measurements outlining their perimeter.
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Understanding Easements and Rights-of-Manner
Plat maps usually depict easements and rights-of-way, that are parts of the property designated for particular makes use of, equivalent to utility strains or entry roads. These designated areas can have an effect on the usable portion of the lot and are important concerns when figuring out lot measurement for growth or different functions. For instance, a utility easement working alongside the again of a property may restrict the obtainable area for constructing a construction.
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Relating the Property to Surrounding Parcels
Plat maps present a visible illustration of adjoining properties and their boundaries, providing context and clarifying the property’s relationship to its environment. This contextual data may be useful in understanding potential boundary disputes or figuring out shared entry factors. For instance, a plat map can reveal if a driveway is shared between two adjoining properties, doubtlessly requiring shared upkeep obligations.
By combining the data derived from plat maps with different sources like property deeds and tax assessments, a complete understanding of a property’s dimensions and authorized boundaries may be achieved. This built-in strategy ensures correct dedication of lot measurement, facilitating knowledgeable decision-making for property transactions, building tasks, and land administration. Plat maps, with their visible illustration and detailed data, play a key function on this course of, offering a helpful useful resource for understanding the complexities of land possession and limits.
3. Use on-line mapping instruments
On-line mapping instruments supply a readily accessible and sometimes free methodology for estimating property dimensions. Whereas these instruments might not present the identical stage of accuracy as skilled surveys, they provide a handy place to begin for preliminary assessments or common informational functions. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of those instruments is essential for successfully using them within the context of property analysis.
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Geographic Info Methods (GIS) Platforms
GIS platforms supply a robust useful resource for accessing publicly obtainable spatial information, together with property boundaries and dimensions. Some platforms enable customers to measure distances and areas straight on the map, offering estimates of lot sizes. For instance, customers can delineate a property’s boundaries utilizing the platform’s drawing instruments and acquire an space calculation. Nonetheless, the accuracy of those measurements relies on the decision and high quality of the underlying information. In some instances, GIS information may not mirror current adjustments or complicated boundary conditions.
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County Assessor Web sites
Many county assessor web sites present on-line mapping instruments that show property data, together with lot dimensions, derived from tax evaluation information. These instruments supply a handy approach to entry official property information with out requiring direct contact with authorities places of work. For instance, a consumer may seek for a property handle on the assessor’s web site and retrieve related parcel information, together with lot measurement. Whereas usually dependable, these dimensions might not at all times mirror probably the most up-to-date survey data or account for current boundary changes.
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Business Actual Property Platforms
Business actual property platforms usually combine mapping functionalities that show property boundaries and supply estimated lot sizes. These platforms cater to professionals concerned in property transactions and growth, providing a streamlined approach to entry key property data. As an illustration, a developer may use a industrial actual property platform to shortly assess the scale and form of a number of potential growth websites. Nonetheless, as with different on-line instruments, the accuracy of this data depends on the underlying information sources and must be verified by means of extra authoritative means when exact measurements are required.
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Limitations of On-line Mapping Instruments
Whereas handy, on-line mapping instruments have limitations. The accuracy of property boundaries and dimensions depicted on these platforms varies relying on the information supply and should not mirror the authorized actuality on the bottom. For instance, discrepancies can come up resulting from outdated information, inaccuracies within the authentic mapping, or unresolved boundary disputes. Subsequently, it is important to think about these limitations and corroborate on-line findings with official information or skilled surveys when exact measurements are crucial.
On-line mapping instruments supply helpful sources for preliminary property analysis and supply a readily accessible technique of estimating lot sizes. Nonetheless, the inherent limitations of those instruments necessitate a cautious strategy, recognizing that the data offered must be verified by means of extra authoritative sources when accuracy is paramount. For exact measurements and authorized certainty, consulting official information or partaking an expert surveyor stays important. Understanding the precise strengths and weaknesses of varied on-line mapping instruments empowers customers to leverage these sources successfully whereas mitigating the dangers related to potential inaccuracies.
4. Contact the County Assessor
County assessors keep complete property information, together with lot dimensions, as a part of their mandate to evaluate property values for tax functions. Contacting the county assessor’s workplace offers entry to this official data, providing a dependable methodology for figuring out property dimensions. This connection between contacting the assessor and discovering lot measurement stems from the assessor’s function in sustaining correct property information, essential for equitable property taxation. For instance, a property proprietor difficult a tax evaluation may contact the assessor to confirm the recorded lot measurement, making certain correct calculation of the taxable property worth.
The sensible significance of understanding this connection lies within the capacity to entry dependable and available data. County assessors usually keep on-line databases or public entry terminals the place property information, together with lot dimensions, may be retrieved. This accessibility simplifies the method of acquiring official lot measurement data, decreasing reliance on doubtlessly much less correct or outdated sources. Moreover, assessor’s places of work can present clarification on complicated property descriptions or historic boundary adjustments, providing helpful insights right into a property’s historical past and authorized dimensions. As an illustration, contacting the assessor can make clear discrepancies between deed descriptions and surveyed boundaries, doubtlessly revealing unrecorded easements or historic boundary changes.
Leveraging the sources obtainable by means of the county assessor offers a sensible and environment friendly pathway to figuring out property dimensions. Whereas on-line instruments or bodily measurements may supply preliminary estimates, the official information maintained by the assessor characterize the next stage of accuracy and authorized authority. This distinction turns into essential in conditions involving property disputes, authorized transactions, or growth tasks the place exact dimensions are important. Understanding the assessor’s function and accessing the obtainable sources contributes considerably to knowledgeable decision-making relating to property boundaries and dimensions.
5. Rent a Land Surveyor
Partaking an expert land surveyor gives probably the most correct methodology for figuring out property dimensions. Surveyors make the most of specialised gear and methods to ascertain exact boundaries and calculate space, offering legally defensible measurements. This strategy is especially essential for complicated properties, disputed boundaries, or conditions requiring the very best stage of precision.
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Establishing Exact Boundaries
Surveyors make use of subtle devices, equivalent to whole stations and GPS receivers, to pinpoint property corners and set up correct boundary strains. This course of considers authorized descriptions, present survey markers, and potential discrepancies with adjoining properties. For instance, a surveyor may resolve a boundary dispute by referencing authentic survey monuments and reconciling conflicting deed descriptions. This exact demarcation is important for stopping encroachments and making certain correct property divisions.
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Calculating Correct Space
As soon as boundaries are established, surveyors make the most of specialised software program and geometric calculations to find out the exact space of the lot. This accounts for irregular shapes, curves, and different complexities that easier measurement strategies may overlook. As an illustration, a surveyor can precisely calculate the realm of so much with curved boundaries alongside a riverbank, accounting for the altering shoreline. This precision is essential for correct property valuations and growth planning.
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Creating Authorized Paperwork
Surveyors produce official paperwork, equivalent to survey plats and authorized descriptions, that characterize the definitive document of a property’s boundaries and dimensions. These paperwork are important for authorized transactions, property transfers, and resolving boundary disputes. For instance, a survey plat is perhaps required to acquire constructing permits or finalize a property sale, offering authorized certainty relating to the property’s extent.
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Resolving Boundary Disputes
Surveyors play an important function in resolving boundary disputes between property homeowners. Their experience in deciphering authorized descriptions, analyzing historic survey information, and conducting on-site measurements offers an goal foundation for resolving conflicts. As an illustration, a surveyor can decide the correct location of a shared property line, resolving disagreements over fence placements or property encroachments. This skilled intervention can forestall pricey authorized battles and keep amicable relationships between neighbors.
Whereas different strategies present estimates, skilled surveys supply legally defensible measurements essential for numerous functions. From resolving boundary disputes to making sure correct property valuations, a surveyor’s experience offers certainty and precision in figuring out property dimensions. This funding gives important long-term advantages, particularly for complicated properties or conditions requiring legally sound documentation.
6. Measure Bodily (DIY)
Bodily measurement gives a direct, hands-on strategy to figuring out lot dimensions. Whereas doubtlessly appropriate for smaller, recurrently formed properties and preliminary estimates, this methodology carries inherent limitations relating to accuracy and authorized validity in comparison with skilled surveys. Understanding these limitations is essential for figuring out the appropriateness of DIY measurement in particular conditions.
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Primary Instruments and Methods
DIY measurement usually includes instruments like measuring tapes, wheels, or laser rangefinders. For rectangular heaps, measuring the size and width suffices. Extra complicated shapes require breaking the realm down into manageable geometric figures and summing their particular person areas. Precision is paramount; even small measurement errors can considerably influence the calculated whole space. For instance, a mismeasurement of only one foot on a 100-foot facet can result in a considerable discrepancy within the ultimate space calculation.
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Challenges and Limitations
Obstacles like bushes, uneven terrain, or constructions can complicate correct measurements. DIY strategies additionally lack the experience to deal with boundary disputes or interpret authorized property descriptions. Moreover, measurements obtained by means of DIY strategies lack authorized standing and will not be accepted for official functions like property transactions or allow functions. As an illustration, a DIY measurement may point out a bigger lot measurement than the formally recorded dimensions, doubtlessly resulting in problems throughout a sale.
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Suitability and Issues
DIY measurements are finest suited to preliminary estimations, small tasks like gardening, or conditions the place excessive precision isn’t crucial. Nonetheless, relying solely on DIY measurements for important choices, equivalent to constructing placement or property valuation, can result in pricey errors. For instance, putting a fence primarily based on DIY measurements may lead to encroachment onto a neighbor’s property if the measurements are inaccurate.
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Combining with Different Strategies
DIY measurements can complement different data sources like on-line maps or tax information to offer a extra complete understanding of the property. As an illustration, a DIY measurement will help confirm the approximate dimensions discovered on a web based map, offering better confidence within the on-line data. Nonetheless, discrepancies between DIY measurements and official information must be investigated additional by means of extra authoritative strategies.
Whereas providing a available strategy, bodily measurement offers estimates unsuitable for conditions demanding accuracy or authorized validity. Combining DIY strategies with different sources gives a extra full image however can’t change the precision and authorized standing {of professional} surveys for crucial property choices. Understanding these limitations ensures applicable utility of DIY strategies and knowledgeable decision-making relating to property dimensions.
7. Evaluate Tax Paperwork
Property tax paperwork usually include helpful data relating to lot dimensions, offering a readily accessible useful resource for figuring out property measurement. Whereas not an alternative choice to a proper survey, tax assessments regularly embody lot dimensions used for calculating property taxes. Analyzing these paperwork can supply a preliminary understanding of a property’s measurement and contribute to a extra complete property evaluation.
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Property Tax Assessments
Tax assessments usually listing the assessed worth of a property together with related particulars, together with lot measurement. These paperwork are usually obtainable on-line by means of the county assessor’s web site or upon request from the related tax authority. As an illustration, an annual property tax evaluation may state so much measurement of 0.25 acres, offering a available estimate. This data may be helpful for preliminary property analysis or comparability with different obtainable information.
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Tax Maps
Some jurisdictions present tax maps that depict property boundaries and sometimes embody lot dimensions. These maps, whereas primarily used for tax evaluation functions, can function a visible help for understanding a property’s location and relative measurement inside a neighborhood. Tax maps could also be obtainable on-line or by means of the assessor’s workplace, providing a visible complement to the numerical information offered in tax assessments. Evaluating tax map depictions with different sources like on-line maps can spotlight potential discrepancies or verify present data.
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Supplementary Tax Paperwork
Further tax-related paperwork, equivalent to property tax payments or exemption functions, may additionally include data associated to lot measurement. Whereas not the first objective of those paperwork, they will generally present supplementary particulars that contribute to a extra full image of a property’s dimensions. For instance, a tax invoice may embody a short property description mentioning the lot acreage, reinforcing the data discovered within the tax evaluation. This cross-referencing helps validate the consistency of knowledge throughout completely different sources.
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Limitations and Issues
The lot dimensions reported on tax paperwork are primarily used for tax evaluation functions and may not at all times mirror probably the most correct or up-to-date measurements. Discrepancies can come up resulting from estimations, rounding, or outdated surveys. Subsequently, whereas helpful for preliminary estimations, relying solely on tax paperwork for exact lot dimensions is discouraged, particularly for authorized or building functions. For instance, a discrepancy between the lot measurement reported on tax paperwork and a current survey may point out an unresolved boundary difficulty or an error within the tax information.
Reviewing tax paperwork gives a readily accessible methodology for acquiring preliminary estimates of lot measurement. Nonetheless, understanding the constraints of this data is essential. Corroborating tax doc information with different sources like deeds, plat maps, or skilled surveys ensures a extra complete understanding of a property’s true dimensions. This built-in strategy facilitates knowledgeable decision-making in numerous property-related contexts, from preliminary analysis to authorized transactions and growth planning.
8. Look at Title Stories
Title reviews play an important function in property transactions by offering a complete historical past of possession and any encumbrances affecting the property, together with easements, liens, and boundary discrepancies. Critically, title reviews usually incorporate authorized descriptions and surveyed dimensions, providing helpful insights into lot measurement. This connection stems from the necessity to precisely outline the property being conveyed, making certain that the customer receives clear title to the required land space. For instance, a title report may reveal a discrepancy between the deed description and a current survey, indicating a possible boundary dispute or an unrecorded easement affecting the usable lot measurement. Uncovering such discrepancies earlier than a transaction finalizes can forestall future authorized problems and make sure the purchaser understands the exact extent of the property being bought.
The sensible significance of inspecting title reviews for lot measurement dedication lies within the capacity to determine potential points early within the transaction course of. A title report’s detailed historical past of possession and encumbrances permits for a radical evaluation of potential dangers related to the property’s boundaries. As an illustration, an encroachment by a neighboring construction, revealed within the title report, may influence the usable lot measurement and doubtlessly result in pricey authorized disputes. Equally, an easement for utility strains may prohibit constructing or landscaping plans, highlighting the significance of understanding the exact location and extent of such easements throughout the lot. By analyzing the title report’s authorized descriptions and survey data, potential consumers can achieve a complete understanding of the property’s dimensions and any components that may have an effect on its use or worth.
Title reviews present a crucial layer of due diligence in property transactions, providing helpful data relating to lot measurement and potential boundary points. Whereas title reviews might not at all times embody probably the most up-to-date survey data, they function an important place to begin for understanding a property’s authorized dimensions and figuring out potential dangers. This data, mixed with different sources like deeds and surveys, contributes to a complete understanding of a property’s boundaries, facilitating knowledgeable decision-making and mitigating potential authorized problems. Challenges can come up when title reviews include ambiguous descriptions or outdated survey information. In such instances, consulting with a title skilled or surveyor turns into essential for acquiring clarification and making certain an correct understanding of the property’s true dimensions.
9. Discover GIS Information
Geographic Info Methods (GIS) information gives a robust useful resource for figuring out property dimensions. GIS platforms present entry to spatially referenced information, together with parcel boundaries, usually derived from official surveys and public information. Exploring GIS information permits customers to visualise property boundaries on a map, measure distances and areas, and acquire digital representations of lot dimensions. This connection between exploring GIS information and figuring out lot measurement stems from the power of GIS to combine and analyze spatial information, offering a complete view of property boundaries inside a bigger geographic context. For instance, a developer assessing a possible mission website can make the most of GIS information to find out the exact acreage of the parcel, determine adjoining properties, and analyze the encompassing infrastructure, equivalent to roads and utilities. This data is essential for feasibility research and knowledgeable decision-making.
The sensible significance of using GIS information for lot measurement dedication lies in its capacity to offer correct and readily accessible data. Publicly obtainable GIS platforms usually supply free entry to parcel information, permitting property homeowners, researchers, and builders to shortly receive preliminary lot dimensions with out requiring specialised surveying gear or intensive fieldwork. Moreover, GIS platforms enable for superior spatial evaluation, equivalent to overlaying a number of datasets to determine potential conflicts or alternatives. As an illustration, a municipality may use GIS to overlay parcel information with zoning laws, figuring out properties which are non-compliant or appropriate for particular growth tasks. This built-in strategy facilitates knowledgeable planning and decision-making at each particular person property and group ranges. Nonetheless, the accuracy of GIS information relies on the supply and upkeep of the underlying datasets. Discrepancies can come up resulting from outdated data, errors within the authentic information assortment, or inconsistencies between completely different information sources.
Exploring GIS information gives a helpful strategy to figuring out lot measurement, offering accessible and complete spatial data. Whereas GIS information offers a robust device for preliminary assessments and evaluation, it is essential to acknowledge potential limitations relating to information accuracy and foreign money. Cross-referencing GIS information with different authoritative sources, equivalent to official surveys, deeds, and title reviews, ensures a strong understanding of property dimensions. Moreover, understanding the precise traits and limitations of various GIS datasets is important for correct interpretation and efficient utilization of this helpful useful resource. Challenges can come up when accessing or deciphering complicated GIS information. In search of steerage from GIS professionals or using tutorials and coaching sources can improve one’s capacity to successfully leverage the ability of GIS for property evaluation and decision-making.
Regularly Requested Questions on Figuring out Property Dimensions
This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the method of figuring out property dimensions, providing readability and steerage for numerous conditions.
Query 1: What’s the most correct methodology for figuring out lot measurement?
Knowledgeable land survey performed by a licensed surveyor offers probably the most correct and legally defensible methodology for figuring out property dimensions.
Query 2: What are widespread sources for locating estimated lot dimensions?
On-line mapping instruments, county assessor web sites, tax paperwork, and title reviews usually present estimated lot dimensions, although their accuracy might range.
Query 3: When is an expert survey vital?
A survey is essential for boundary disputes, building tasks, property subdivisions, and conditions requiring exact authorized documentation of property strains.
Query 4: Can one rely solely on on-line mapping instruments for correct dimensions?
Whereas handy, on-line mapping instruments supply estimates and shouldn’t be solely relied upon for exact measurements or authorized functions. Verification with official information is beneficial.
Query 5: What ought to one do if discrepancies exist between completely different sources of lot measurement data?
Discrepancies must be investigated additional. Consulting with a title firm, authorized skilled, or surveyor will help resolve inconsistencies and decide the correct dimensions.
Query 6: How can historic adjustments in property boundaries be decided?
Analyzing historic deeds, plat maps, and contacting the county recorder’s workplace can present insights into previous boundary changes and supply a extra full property historical past.
Understanding the assorted strategies and sources for figuring out property dimensions is essential for correct assessments and knowledgeable decision-making. Deciding on the suitable methodology relies on the precise wants and context of the state of affairs.
For additional data, seek the advice of the next sources or search steerage from related professionals.
Important Suggestions for Figuring out Property Dimensions
Precisely figuring out property dimensions is essential for numerous actions, from planning building tasks to understanding property values. The next ideas present steerage for navigating this course of successfully.
Tip 1: Start with available sources. On-line mapping instruments, county assessor web sites, and tax paperwork supply simply accessible preliminary estimates. Whereas these sources might not present definitive measurements, they function a helpful place to begin for preliminary assessments.
Tip 2: Seek the advice of official information for exact dimensions. Property deeds and recorded plat maps supply legally acknowledged property descriptions and boundary delineations. These paperwork present extra dependable data than on-line estimates and are important for authorized transactions.
Tip 3: Perceive the constraints of estimated information. On-line instruments and tax information might include inaccuracies or outdated data. Relying solely on these sources for crucial choices can result in errors. At all times confirm estimated dimensions with authoritative sources.
Tip 4: Contemplate the complexity of the property. Usually formed heaps are simpler to measure than irregular or sloped terrain. Advanced properties usually necessitate skilled surveys for correct measurements and boundary dedication.
Tip 5: Interact an expert surveyor when precision is paramount. For building tasks, boundary disputes, or conditions requiring legally defensible measurements, a licensed surveyor offers the very best stage of accuracy and experience.
Tip 6: Account for easements and right-of-ways. These designated areas inside a property, usually documented on plat maps or title reviews, can have an effect on usable land space and must be thought of throughout dimensional evaluation.
Tip 7: Doc all findings completely. Sustaining organized information of dimensions from numerous sources, together with on-line estimates, official paperwork, and survey reviews, ensures readability and facilitates knowledgeable decision-making.
By following the following pointers, people and professionals can successfully navigate the method of figuring out property dimensions, making certain accuracy and minimizing potential problems. Exact data of property dimensions facilitates knowledgeable decision-making in numerous contexts, from property transactions to growth planning.
The next part concludes this exploration of property dimension dedication, summarizing key takeaways and providing ultimate suggestions.
Conclusion
Correct dedication of property dimensions is paramount for a variety of actions, together with property transactions, building planning, land administration, and authorized compliance. Varied strategies exist for acquiring these essential measurements, every providing distinct benefits and limitations. Available sources like on-line mapping instruments and tax paperwork present preliminary estimates, whereas official information equivalent to deeds and plat maps supply extra dependable data. For conditions demanding the very best accuracy and authorized defensibility, skilled surveys stay important. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of every strategy permits for knowledgeable number of probably the most applicable methodology given the precise context and necessities.
Exact data of property dimensions kinds a cornerstone of accountable land possession and growth. Correct measurements facilitate knowledgeable decision-making, mitigate potential disputes, and guarantee compliance with authorized and regulatory frameworks. As expertise evolves and information accessibility improves, alternatives for enhanced precision and effectivity in figuring out property dimensions will proceed to emerge, additional emphasizing the significance of this elementary facet of land administration and property possession.
